Sickle Cell Anaemia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

Sickle Cell Anaemia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments Blood disease is a disorder or disease which will affect one or more parts of the blood, preventing our blood from performing its job in an effective rate. Sometimes, it is also known as blood disorder (Martin, E.A., ed., 2010). Nowadays, there are many types of blood diseases and they are growing public health problems affecting many countries, races and also ethnic groups. They can be classified into acute or chronic. Some of the them are inherited and can cause death. Sickle cell anemia (SCD) is a serious inherited genetic condition which affects the haemoglobin molecule within the red blood cells. It is a condition in which there are lack of healthy and normal red blood cells to carry sufficient oxygen throughout our bodies. The people with sickle cell anemia normally have deformed red blood cells which look like sickles or crescent moons (Mayo Clinic, 2011). This is because the sickle cells contain haemoglobin S or sickle haemoglobin which is an abnormal haemoglobin (MedlinePlus, 2010). The unusual C shaped cells which look like a farm tool called sickle give the disease its name (CDC, 2011). The alternative names for sickle cell anemia are sickle cell disease or sickle cell disorder, haemoglobin SS disease and HbS disease (NHLBI.NIH, 2011) . Today, millions of people have been diagnosed with sickle cell disease. This type of blood disease is much more common in Africa and Mediterranean (PubMed Health, 2012). About one of every 12 African Americans will carry the sickle cell trait in a persons genes (MedlinePlus, 2012). Apart from that, it is estimated that 90 000 to 100 000 people in the United States mainly Blacks or African Americans are affected by sickle cell anemia. About one of every 500 Black newborns and one out of every 36 000 Hispanic-American newborns will have this blood disease (CDC, 2011). There are two risk factors that can increase the chances of getting sickle cell anemia which are inheritance and mutation. First of all, sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disease which the sickle cell gene will pass from generation to generation. To have this disease, the defective form of the gene must be inherited to a child from both of the parent. A child will have sickle cell trait if the sickle cell gene is passed from only one parent. A person is known as the carrier of sickle cell anemia if he or she has one normal haemoglobin gene and one defective form of the gene. In addition to, the defective gene can be passed to next generation and affect them. While, if both of the parent are carrier, a 50% chance of getting a child who is carrier, 25% chance of having a child who is normal and another 25% chance of having a child with sickle cell anemia (FamilyDoctor.org, 2006). Besides, substitution is a kind of gene mutation which cause this blood disease to occur. The gene mutation is caused by the mutagens which are physical or chemical substances that can affects the genetic material of an organism. Hence, the person who always stays in environment with a lot of radiation or mutagen, he or she has higher risk of getting this disease (Gan Wan Yeat, 2010). This type of blood disease can be prevented if the married couples who both carry the sickle cell trait gene do not have any children. By doing this, the recessive gene will not passed from a generation to another generation . A normal person has haemoglobin A genes which are HbA. If the person who suffers from sickle cell disease, he or she has two haemoglobin S genes (HbS) which are inherited from both parent. These HbS genes are caused by the gene mutation. The base sequence in the DNA for the synthesis of haemoglobin is changed by a single substitution. Hence, the glutamic acid codon is now instead of valine codon (BBC, 2010). When the oxygen content of an affected persons blood is low, the sickle cell hameoglobin will aggregate into long rods that deform red cells into a sickle or crescent shape which are abnormal haemoglobin (Reece, J.B., et. al., 2011). Besides, these sickle red blood cells are rigid and sticky. This results in less oxygen is delivered to the bodys tissues (MedlinePlus, 2012). The symptoms and signs of sickle cell anemia usually become more obvious after an infant is 4 months old and they are varying. The most common symptom of this disease is painful events. They are sudden pain that happens in different parts of the body. This pain is also known as sickle cell crisis. Usually, the sickle cell crises can cause pain in the hands, bones, legs, abdomen and so on. This is because the sickle cell get stuck in the small blood vessel as they travel, interrupting the healthy blood flow (National Marrow Donor Program, 2007). People who suffer from sickle cell anemia normally have anemia which will make them feel tired and weak. This is caused by the shortage of red blood cells. Furthermore, they will look pale (WebMD, 2010). Apart from that, the other symptoms of sickle cell anemia may include shortness of breath, blindness, delayed growth, hand-foot syndrome and so on. If it is not treated, stroke, infections, acute chest syndrome and organ damage are the effects of sickle cell anemia (genomics.energy.gov, 2005). Bone marrow transplant is the only cure for sickle cell anemia. However, it is difficult to find a donor who is matched with the recipient and the procedure has serious risks and can even cause death. There are many types of treatments for this blood disease including medication. Children with sickle cell anemia can be treated by using antibiotic penicillin in order to help prevent infections. While pain relieving medications are responsible in relieving pain during sickle cell crisis. The frequency of painful crisis also can be reduced using hydroxyuera. Moreover, blood transfusions are another type of treatments for sickle cell anemia. The blood transfusion can help to relieve anemia by increasing the number of normal blood cells in circulation (Mayo Clinic, 2011). This is because the sickle shaped cells live only 10 to 20 days which is much shorter than the normal red blood cells. Furthermore, a balanced diet is needed. The supplements of folic acid, vitamin D and zinc should be taken in order to help make new red blood cells. Alcohols and cigarette smokes should be avoided (FamilyDoctor.org, 2006). As a conclusion, sickle cell anemia is a chronic blood disease that cannot be underestimated. This is because there is no cure for the people with this blood disease. Nevertheless, there are many types of treatments and prognosis can help to prevent further problems which are associated with this blood disease. Prevention is better than cure. Hence, people from all walk of life should working out preventive action to avoid them from getting this severe and rare disease.

The Relationship Between Mother and Daughter in James Cain’s Mildred Pi

The Relationship Between Mother and Daughter in James Cain’s Mildred Pierce I have always been of the belief that in order to truly love, hate must exist within the core of the relationship. Nowhere in modern fiction is this dictum examined more accurately than in the novel by James Cain, Mildred Pierce. Looking at the concept in a familial context, James Cain has created two well-developed characters, Mildred Pierce and her daughter, Veda, that not only emphasizes the nature of mother-daughter relationships, but looks at how love and hate permeates the very essence of the relationship. The Irish poet Thomas Moore once described the fascination of these violently fluctuating emotions, â€Å"When I loved you, I can’t but allow/ I had many an exquisite minute/ But the scorn that I feel for you now/ Hath even more luxury in it† (Tresidder 57). While reading Mildred Pierce, I was reminded of my own mother’s relationship with her daughters. One of my sisters, Leslie, in particular, hated my mother in youth. It was strong emotion to extinguish, especially in those formative teen years, but because life is dominated with experiences, things in which we learn from, later one comes to understand the nature of their hate and love and begins to properly delineate the truth of each. Unfortunately, we don’t get to see this in Mildred Pierce and Veda’s relationship. The reason for this is twofold; one, it is the element of obsessive love that fosters a breakdown in the natural boundaries that exist in a parental relationship. Secondly, it is the need by Mildred to seek the unrealistic approval from her daughter, Veda, which further exasperates the boundaries, almost wiping them completely away. We see these elements of obsessive love, ... ...essive love for Veda; her need to gain acceptance and approval from this undeserving daughter that leads her catastrophic collapse. For Veda, it is her spiteful and vindictive nature to exact pain from those she holds in contempt. One needs the other in order to bear witness to the conclusion of their story. Love and hate rules in Glendale. Work Cited Cain, James. Mildred Pierce. New York: Vintage Books. 1989 Firman, Dorthy. â€Å"Healing the Mother/Daughter Relationship.† Mother/Daughter Relations 8 Dec 02 http://www.motherdaughterrelations.com/article.html www.motherdaughterrelations.com/article.html Phillips, Shelley. Beyond the Myths. New York: Penguin Books. 1996 Tresidder, Megan. The Secret Language of Love. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. 1997 Vial, Veronique. Women Before 10 a. m. Photograph. New York: Powerhouse Books. 1998

Equality in Mare’s War Essay

Any normal grandmother would visit you with open arms, chocolate chip cookies, and comment on how amazing you look. However, in Mare’s War, by Tanita Davis, Mare is not your average grandma (unless you consider normal grandmas to wear auburn wigs, stiletto heels, and padded push up bras). Therefore, Mares granddaughters, Octavia and Tali, are dreading to accompany their 80 year old grandmother on a road trip across the country. As the three travel further into their journey, they begin to build a closer relationship and understand Mare’s past. Mare’s War was written in a particular fashion to express two different point of views. One is in the past representing Mare’s perspective, while the other is given from her 15 year-old granddaughter Octavia, during the present. Ultimately, both sides represent the struggle of equality: Mare’s battle of racism in the past, and Tali’s judgemental thoughts of her sister, today. In Mare’s War the 6888th battalion wasn’t the only battle Mare was fighting in, but also the battle of discrimination. Throughout the novel, prejudice between blacks and whites were clearly expressed during the 40’s. However, the most expressed struggle regarding equality is when Mare’s Army Corporation is stationed to another location. This new area yells out discrimination by having separate tables to eat at between blacks and whites and having separate water fountains. After vigorous training, all the black girls are lined up to get their drinks at the water fountain. Mare happens to notice the white fountain is empty. Although she knows it is wrong, Mare bravely stepped out of her line and goes straight to the white water fountain. After doing so, other black women decide, they too, would drink out of the white water fountain. This daring move made by Mare shows other black women that it is possible to express subtle ways of yearning for equality. Steps similar to this have shaped our generation today to have an equal foundation for any ethnicity or race. Fast forwarding to the future, 17 year-old Tali always finds a way to make Octavia feel worthless. When they were younger they had a close relationship with one another, but once Tali grew older she made her friends a priority and treated her sister like a stranger. This unfair rank between friends and family makes Octavia wistful for her sister to make her higher, or at least equal, to her friends. As the road trip continues to proceed, Octavia tries different ways for her sister to look highly of her. One night when Mare falls asleep in another room, Octavia agrees for Tali to put on makeup and dress her up for dinner. Although Octavia is a goody good, she plays it cool when Tali orders an alcoholic beverage. Although Tali is very judgemental, that night she looked at her sister highly and treated her equivalent to how she would treat her friends. From there on out Octavia and Tali began creating a connection as sisters. Whether it being a widespread problem like racism, or an individual conflict, Mare’s War presented how to deal with overcoming and expressing equality. Overall, this novel shares many life lessons and has a unique structure for portraying the past and the present.

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Principles of Management - 2084 Words

Chapter 1: 1. Developing employee skills is a challenge in almost any environment. What type of skills needs to be mostly developed for EMAL trainees? * Technical skills. 2. Once those employees progress in their careers and get promoted, what kind of skills would be needed? * Human skills the most and less of technical and conceptual skills. 3. Go to the Emirates Aluminum Website at www.emal.ae. What can you tell about the company’s emphasis on people and their careers? How does the company emphasize the hiring of local, in addition to international, talents? * The company takes a special care of its employees and makes a lot of effort to improve their human powers by training. The company focuses on†¦show more content†¦How do you think new employees â€Å"learn† the culture? * The happiest people in this culture would be those employees who like serving the clients of this organization. The new employees can learn this culture by watching their colleges at work doing the job, or by special training. 4. What could other organizations learn from the Ritz-Carlton about the importance of organizational culture? * Other organizations can learn from Ritz how to keep the same high quality of outcomes and also maintaining the freedom and the happiness the employee has. Chapter 4: 1. Do you think the example of Maktoob can be repeated in the Arab world? Can locally grown companies become attractive to global industry giants or was Maktoob exception? * Yes, I think the example of Maktoob can be repeated because there are a lot of other local companies who I think other international companies will be interested to work with Arabs. 2. What does it take, in your opinion, for the Arab employees to join the global work community? What skills and traits need to be developed? * To join the global work community Arab employees need to reach a high level of skill to be able to work with the international pressure. He skills that employees need to achieve to go globally are their working skills and the ability to communicate and understand other cultures. 3. Do some research on Yahoo’s acquisition of Maktoob. What lessons can beShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Scientific Management1149 Words   |  5 PagesScientific Management is a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Its development began with Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s within the manufacturing industries. Taylor was an American mechanical engineer and a management consultant in his later years. 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Girl in Hyacinth Blue by Susan Vreeland Essay - 2461 Words

Girl in Hyacinth Blue by Susan Vreeland Overview In eight quasi-connected stories, Susan Vreeland delivers a fictional lesson on aesthetics. Set amidst human sorrow and historic chaos, the narrative follows an imagined Vermeer painting from the present day through 330 years of its provenance--beginning with its willful destruction in the 1990s and concluding with its inspired creation in the 1660s: Chapter 1. 1995(?): in Pennsylvania, math teacher Cornelius Englebrecht burns the painting in his fireplace; 1942: in Amsterdam, from the Vredenburg home, German soldier Otto Engelbrecht loots the painting, hides it, and absconds with it to America. Chapter 2. 1940: in Amsterdam, diamond merchant Sol Vredenburg buys the painting for†¦show more content†¦Can you say why some fail to work as well as others? 3. The original title for the opening chapter was Love Burning. What additional textual evidence exists to affirm the paintings destruction by Cornelius? Do you think that Cornelius makes a morally correct decision when he burns the picture? Do you think that Richard ought to have stepped in to save it? 4. In A Night Different From All Other Nights, Hannah slaughters the familys pet pigeons. Why and for whom does Hannah destroy these pets? How is the death of the pigeons related to the Amsterdam setting? In what way is the familys celebration of Passover relevant to this story? Would a different Jewish holiday, say Chanukah, have had the same symbolic value? 5. Why do you think that Digna sews samplers, in Adagia, embedded with quotations by Erasmus? You might want to discuss Erasmus, and the part this Dutch Renaissance humanist plays in the drama going on between this 19th century husband and wife? 6. The Hyacinth Blue chapter is written in the first person and in a vastly different style from that of the other chapters. Authors often use the first person point of view to expose an unreliable narrator. In what way is Claudines account of these events unreliable? In other words, what part or parts of the story does she fail to understand? Why do you think that Vreeland chose to tell Claudines story from that characters limited point of view? 7. In the

Adding to the Quilt free essay sample

I went down to the dining room for dinner. The aroma of freshly prepared sausage, rolls, baked potatoes, and mixed vegetables filled the air. A typical family dinner. However, I enjoyed this meal, not at home, but with my German host family. â€Å"Komm,† said my host mother, â€Å"Abendessen ist fertig.† In English, this means, â€Å"Come. Dinner is finished†, meaning ready to eat. I gladly took my seat to enjoy the meal with the Van Heusdens. My exchange partner, Anabel, is the oldest of three siblings. Her brothers are Pieter and Vincent. Pieter helped make the sausage, or Wurst, while Anabel and her mother prepared the broccoli, carrots, and other vegetables. During my three weeks in the Van Heusden home, I enjoyed many meals like this. However, I not only learned about German traditions and customs. I learned more about people in general. Not only did I live with my host family, but I accompanied them to visit their relatives in Belgium, and I went to school with Anabel. We will write a custom essay sample on Adding to the Quilt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I lived their life. Another girl from the exchange and I prepared a presentation on American Nursery Rhymes, which we later presented to German schoolchildren in the fourth and fifth grade. The children enjoyed learning the rhymes and recognized many of them, since there are German equivalents. However, the most enlightening part of my trip came after we presented. â€Å"Does anyone have any questions for us?† I asked. Some of the children’s questions surprised us. â€Å"Do you like shopping?† â€Å"What do you do for fun?† â€Å"What is school like in America?† â€Å"Do you go to New York City a lot?† These were just a few of their questions, and I struggled to answer them. I looked to my partner, but she did not know how to reply either. â€Å"It’s kind of the same as here,† I answered weakly. I really could not see any drastic differences between my life in America and my life in Germany. The German school system differs a bit given the hour gaps – and sometimes longer between classes. Such gaps are called pauses in the school day, during which many students eat lunch or enjoy other small snacks. However, this does not affect the material taught. Students in Germany still learn math, science, English, German, and other subjects, such as art and music, as we do in the United States. Beyond superficial differences, such as food, fashion, and language, I do not see many differences between Germans and Americans. In Germany, I spent time with friends, as I do here in the United States. Teenagers had homework to do, or they would fail. Children dreamed of careers. Parents went off to work for the day. Some teenagers held part time jobs. Most students worked hard in school to prepare for their future. Coming back from my trip, I started to think, maybe people are more alike than different. Overall, we all like to be happy, and we all know people we care about. We all like to have a good time with others. Of course, everyone is not exactly alike. If this were the case, the world would be dull. Different cultures and traditions create unique individuals, but there are many similarities among people from all backgrounds. If people all over the world tried to understand each other’s differences and customs, there is a possibility we would discover more similarities than differences among us. People and their cultures are like a quilt. Each fabric square represents a unique culture, but all the squares are stitched together to form an exquisite quilt. People from all over the world create this ensemble. While cultures all have their own customs in regard to food, music, and celebrations, a mutual interest keeps us all connected. Many of us share common goals, hobbies, and values that we are not aware of until we examine them. The fabric of individual cutlure gives variety to the world. Different textures and shapes beautify the world. The thread of life connects the â€Å"squares† and creates a dynamic world. Some people like to see our differences more than our similarities because of where we grew up and the customs we were brought up with. Of course, differences maintain diversity. However, if we discover common interests, we could all get along better because we will better understand each other. Therefore, instead of ripping the threads of the world apart, we should try to preserve the beautiful quilt we live on. We should embrace our differences and make connections to help us all understand each other. Also, let us look to add new fabric squares to our world quilt to make it more beautiful and more representative of the world’s variety. Each â€Å"square† provides more stories and tales to add to an intricate quilt. Learning more about each other will help us discover what we share with others and help us form bonds. If it were not for my experiences abroad, I do not know if I would have fully understood the importance of recognizing the similarities between individual people and groups of people. We all have our own stories, experiences, cultures, families, and friends to contribute to this world. We could relate to one another if we just took the time to see the ways we are already connected.